项目教学法在教学中的应用效果研究

目的探讨项目教学法在康复治疗学专业认知功能评定教学中的应用效果研究。方法将2018年6月—2020年6月在苏州大学附属第三医院康复医学科进行临床实习的60名康复治疗技术专业的实习生随机分为两组,每组各30名。对照组采用常规教学方法,观察组使用项目教学法,对比两组的教学效果、考核成绩、自主学习能力以及自我评价。结果观察组的实习同学对“有利于激发学习兴趣”“有利于提高沟通及协作能力”“有利于提高自主学习能力”“有利于提高综合职业能力”“有利于缩小教学与临床的距离”以及“有利于熟悉规范的认知功能评定流程及主要工作内容”等几个教学方面的肯定率高于对照组(P<0.05);同时,观察组理论考核成绩、操作技能考核成绩、实习态度成绩以及考核总分高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组在自主学习、自我管理、信息能力、合作能力等自主学习能力评分也均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论项目教学法在康复治疗学专业认知功能评定教学中的应用效果显著,明显提高了教学效果,提升了学生的自主学习能力和学习成绩。     

从“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”谈膝骨关节炎功能障碍的特点

膝骨关节炎(KOA)属于进展性骨关节病,其功能障碍主要表现为膝关节疼痛、僵硬、屈伸行走不利或受限,以及关节失稳、运动控制下降和本体感觉低下等。我国KOA患者众多,且还在逐年增加,引起的功能障碍严重影响着患者健康与生活质量,因此对其开展康复的研究与实践至关重要。中医康复着眼于功能,注重辨证康复,是我国康复医学的固有特色及优势。前期的研究基于KOA功能障碍的中医证候表现,本研究经大量文献梳理及多年临床实践,从“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”5个角度为切入点,提出KOA功能障碍具有“筋骨同病、痹痿并见、虚实错杂、动静失衡、刚柔失常”5个基本特点。鉴于KOA功能障碍具有早、中、晚三期的阶段性特点,在该病发生发展的不同阶段,其功能障碍在“筋骨、痹痿、虚实、动静、刚柔”之间的表现又各有所侧重。本研究从“筋骨同病、痹痿并见、虚实错杂、动静失衡、刚柔失常”5个方面分别阐释了KOA功能障碍的特点:“筋骨同病”侧重于病位,是KOA所致功能障碍的基本病机特征,贯穿于其发病的始终;“痹痿并见、虚实错杂”偏重病性,是KOA功能障碍的基本特点;“动静失衡”偏重病因,是引起KOA病情反复及加重的重要因素;“刚柔失常”则是兼具病状与病因,是膝关节失去“骨正筋柔”的表现方式,也是KOA功能障碍的重要特征。本研究旨在进一步完善KOA的中医康复理论,为其康复治疗提供参考。     

Motor dysfunction in mild cognitive impairment as tested by kinematic analysis and transcranial magnetic stimulation

ObjectivePrevious studies have demonstrated voluntary movement alterations as well as motor cortex excitability and plasticity changes in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To investigate the pathophysiology of movement abnormalities in MCI, we tested possible relationships between movement abnormalities and primary motor cortex alterations in patients.MethodsFourteen amnestic MCI (aMCI) patients and 16 healthy controls were studied. Cognitive assessment was performed using clinical scales. Finger tapping was recorded by a motion analysis system. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to test the input/output curve of motor evoked potentials, intracortical inhibition, and short-latency afferent inhibition. Primary motor cortex plasticity was probed by theta burst stimulation. We investigated correlations between movement abnormalities, clinical scores, and cortical neurophysiological parameters.ResultsMCI patients showed less rhythmic movement but no other movement abnormalities. Cortical excitability measures were normal in patients, whereas plasticity was reduced. Movement rhythm abnormalities correlated with frontal dysfunction scores.ConclusionOur study in MCI patients demonstrated abnormal voluntary movement and plasticity changes, with no correlation between the two. Altered rhythm correlated with frontal dysfunction.SignificanceOur results contribute to the understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of motor impairment in MCI.     

Episodic memory: Neuronal codes for what,where, and when

Episodic memory is defined as the ability to recall events in a spatiotemporal context. Formation of such memories is critically dependent on the hippocampal formation and its inputs from the entorhinal cortex. To be able to support the formation of episodic memories, entorhinal cortex and hippocampal formation should contain a neuronal code that follows several requirements. First, the code should include information about position of the agent (“where”), sequence of events (“when”), and the content of the experience itself (“what”). Second, the code should arise instantly thereby being able to support memory formation of one‐shot experiences. For successful encoding and to avoid interference between memories during recall, variations in location, time, or in content of experience should result in unique ensemble activity. Finally, the code should capture several different resolutions of experience so that the necessary details relevant for future memory‐based predictions will be stored. We review how neuronal codes in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus follow these requirements and argue that during formation of episodic memories entorhinal cortex provides hippocampus with instant information about ongoing experience. Such information originates from (a) spatially modulated neurons in medial entorhinal cortex, including grid cells, which provide a stable and universal positional metric of the environment; (b) a continuously varying signal in lateral entorhinal cortex providing a code for the temporal progression of events; and (c) entorhinal neurons coding the content of experiences exemplified by object‐coding and odor‐selective neurons. During formation of episodic memories, information from these systems are thought to be encoded as unique sequential ensemble activity in hippocampus, thereby encoding associations between the content of an event and its spatial and temporal contexts. Upon exposure to parts of the encoded stimuli, activity in these ensembles can be reinstated, leading to reactivation of the encoded activity pattern and memory recollection.